Measure a DC and AC voltage by a cathode ray oscilloscope.
Measure DC and AC voltage using a cathode ray oscilloscope; explain sensitivity, procedure, precautions, and calculation of RMS and peak values. Apparatus Cathode ray oscilloscope, DC voltmeter, AC voltmeter, step-down transformer, battery, rheostat, key, and connecting wires. Theory The voltage required to produce one small division of light spot deflection on the oscilloscope screen […]
Wavelength of Sodium Light by Spectrometer
Determination of sodium light wavelength using a plane diffraction grating and spectrometer; includes procedure, calculations, precautions, and viva questions. Apparatus A spectrometer, spirit level, sodium lamp, diffraction grating with clamping arrangement, and eyepiece. Observations and Calculations Least count of the spectrometer:Value of the smallest scale division / Number of divisions on the Vernier scale No. […]
Sodium light wavelength by Newton’s rings
Determining sodium light wavelength using Newton’s Rings setup with a plano-convex lens, glass plate, microscope, calculations, precautions, and viva. Apparatus The experiment requires a Newton’s Ring apparatus, a plano-convex lens, a convex lens, a screen with a hole, a sodium light source, a traveling microscope, and a spherometer. Each component plays a vital role in […]
Refractive index of a liquid by a concave mirror
Determine the refractive index of a liquid using a concave mirror by measuring parallax positions with and without liquid, with the procedure and precautions. Apparatus Use a concave mirror of long focal length, a vertical stand with a clamp, a plumb line or parallax needle, a meter rod, an index needle, some water (as liquid), […]
Refractive index of a prism by the critical angle
Find the refractive index of a prism by the critical angle method using pins, a prism, and a board, with procedure, calculations, precautions, and viva. Apparatus: Glass prism, drawing board, sheet of white paper, drawing pins, protractor, set squares, pins, and a meter rod. Observations and Calculations: No.. of Obs. Angle of incidence PNO=angle ‘‘C’ […]
Refractive index of transparent liquid by hollow prism
Find the refractive index of a transparent liquid using a hollow prism by measuring the prism angle and minimum deviation, with procedure and viva questions. Objective:To find the refractive index of a transparent liquid using a hollow glass prism. Procedure Firstly, fill the hollow prism with the liquid whose refractive index you need to find.Next, […]
Study the characteristics of a Geiger-Muller (GM) tube.
Study of Geiger-Muller tube characteristics using a radioactive source, scaler, and voltage variation to measure count rate, threshold, and Geiger plateau. Apparatus Geiger-Muller Tube (Mullard MX 180) Tube holder and connecting leads Universal castle Co-60 radioactive source with lifting tools Time scaler and stopwatch Theory The Geiger-Muller tube is a discharge tube containing a cylindrical […]
Study the fall of a sphere in a liquid to find viscosity.
Experiment to study the fall of a sphere through a viscous medium, measure terminal velocity, and calculate the coefficient of viscosity with precautions. Apparatus Long, hard-glass tube closed at the bottom and fitted vertically on a stand, engine oil or glycerin, marker, plumb line, meter rule, screw gauge, digital stopwatch, and steel balls. Procedure First, […]
Atomic weight determination of covalent metal M
Experiment to determine the atomic weight of covalent metal M using acid-base titration of its hydroxide with 0.1M HCl and phenolphthalein indicator. Principle MOH is a base. Therefore, neutralize it by titrating with standard HCl: MOH+HCl→MCl+H2Otext{MOH} + text{HCl} rightarrow text{MCl} + text{H}_2text{O}MOH+HCl→MCl+H2O The mole ratio is 1:1. Use 0.1 M HCl as the standard […]
To verify the conditions of equilibrium for parallel forces
Verify equilibrium conditions for parallel forces using a meter rod, spring balances, and weights by balancing applied forces and checking torque. Apparatus Two spring balances, two iron stands with clamps, a meter rod, a sharp wedge, a weight box, and a thread. Procedure First, find the center of gravity (G) of the meter rod by […]